Richard A. Cambe vs.
Office of the Ombudsman, et al./Senator Ramon "Bong"
Revilla, Jr. Vs. Office of the Ombudsman, et al./Senator Ramon "Bong"
Revilla, Jr. Vs. Office of the Ombudsman, et al./Richard A. Cambe Vs.
Office of the Ombudsman, et al./John Raymund De Asis Vs. Conchita
Carpio Morales, et al./Ronald John Lim Vs. Conchita Carpio Morales,
et al./Janet Lim Napoles Vs. Conchita Carpio Morales, et al./Mario L.
Relampagos, et al. Vs. Sandiganbayan and People of the Philippines
G.R. Nos.
212014-15/G.R. Nos. 212427-28/G.R. Nos. 212694-95/G.R. Nos.
213477-78/G.R. Nos. 213532-33/G.R. Nos. 213536-37/G.R. Nos.
218744-59. December 6, 2016
Facts
Before this Court are
consolidated petitions filed by petitioners Senator Ramon "Bong"
Revilla, Jr. (Sen. Revilla), Richard A. Cambe (Cambe), Janet Lim
Napoles (Napoles or Janet Napoles), John Raymund De Asis (De Asis),
and Ronald John Lim (Lim), which commonly assail the Joint
Resolution dated March 28, 2014 and the Joint Order dated June 4,
2014 of the Office of the Ombudsman (Ombudsman) in OMB-C-C-13-0316
and OMB-C-C-13-0395 finding probable cause to indict them, along with
several others, for the crimes of Plunder, defined and penalized
under Section 2 in relation to Section 1 ( d) (1 ), (2), and ( 6) of
Republic Act No. (RA) 7080, as amended (one [1] count) and/or of
violation of Section 3 (e) of RA 30195 (sixteen [16] counts).
Petitioners are all
charged as co-conspirators for their respective participations in the
illegal pillaging of public funds sourced from the Priority
Development Assistance Fund (PD.AF) of Sen. Revilla for the years
2006 to 2010, in the total amount of P517,000,000.00.
As alleged, the PDAF
scheme commences with Napoles meeting with a legislator -in this
case, Sen. Revilla -with the former giving an offer to "acquire"
his PDAF allocation in exchange for a "commission" or
"kickback" amounting to a certain percentage of the PDAF.
Upon their agreement on the conditions of the PDAF acquisition,
including the project for which the PDAF will be utilized, the
corresponding Implemeting Agencies (IA) tasked to implement the same,
and the legislator's "commission" or "kickback"
ranging from 40-60% of either the project cost or the amount stated
in the Special Allotment Release Order (SARO), the legislator would
then write a letter addressed to the Senate President for the
immediate release of his PDAF, who in tum, will endorse such request
to the DBM for the release of the SARO. By this time, the initial
advance portion of the "commission" would be remitted by
Napoles to the legislator. Upon release of the SARO, Napoles would
then direct her staff -including whistleblowers Benhur Luy (Luy),
Marina Sula (Sula), and Merlina Suñas (Suñas) -to prepare PDAF
documents containing, inter alia, the preferred JLN-controlled NGO
that will be used as a "conduit" for the implementation of
the project, the project proposals of the identified NGO, and the
endorsement letters to be signed by the legislator and/or his staff,
all for the approval of the legislator; and would remit the remaining
portion or balance of the "commission" of the legislator,
which is usually delivered by her staff, Lim and De Asis.
Once the documents are
approved, the same would be transmitted to the IA which would handle
the preparation of the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) to be executed
by the legislator's office, the IA, and the chosen NGO. Thereafter,
the DBM would release the Notice of Cash Allowance (NCA) to the IA
concerned, the head/official of which, in tum, would expedite the
transaction and release of the corresponding check representing the
PDAF disbursement, in exchange for a ten percent (10%) share in the
project cost. Among those tasked by Napoles to pick up the checks and
deposit them to the bank accounts of the NGO concerned were Luy,
Suñas, and De Asis. Once the funds are in the account of the
JLN-controlled NGO, Napoles would then call the bank to facilitate
the withdrawal thereof. Upon withdrawal of the said funds by
Napoles's staff, the latter would bring the proceeds to the office
of JLN Corporation for accounting. Napoles would then decide how
much will be left in the office and how much will be brought to her
residence in Taguig City. De Asis, Lim, Luy, and Suñas were the ones
instructed to deliver the money to Napoles's residence. Finally, to
liquidate the disbursements, Napoles and her staff would manufacture
fictitious lists of beneficiaries, liquidation reports, inspection
reports, project activity reports, and similar documents that would
make it appear that the PDAF-funded projects were implemented when,
in fact, they were not since they were actually inexistent or, in
other words, "ghost" projects. Under this modus operandi,
Sen. Revilla, with the help of petitioners, among others, allegedly
funneled his PDAF amounting to around P517,000,000.00 to the
JLN-controlled NGOs and, in return, received "commissions"
or "kickbacks" amounting to at least P224,512,500.00.
In his defense, Revilla
filed his Counter-Affidavit dated January 16, 2014, contending that:
(a) his and Cambe's signatures in the PDAF documents were forgeries;
(b) the utilization of his PDAF had "always been regular and
above-board."; (c) his involvement in the release of his PDAF is
limited; and (d) there is "no credible proof" to show that
he committed said illegal acts and that conspiracy exists between him
and all the other persons involved in the PDAF scam.
Cambe, on the other
hand, filed his Counter-Affidavit dated January 20, 2014 and
Supplemental Counter-Affidavit dated March 12, 2014, maintaining
that: (a) his signatures in the PDAF documents were all forgeries;
and (b) he did not receive any money from Sen. Revilla's PDAF nor
connive with any of the alleged co-conspirators to acquire ill-gotten
wealth.
In a Joint Resolution68
dated March 28, 2014 (March 28, 2014 Joint Resolution), the Ombudsman
found probable cause to indict, among others, petitioners Sen.
Revilla, Cambe, Napoles, De Asis, and Lim of one (1) count of
Plunder, and all the petitioners (along with several others), except
Lim, of sixteen (16) counts of violation of Section 3 (e) of RA 3019.
Thus, the Ombudsman held
that probable cause exists against Sen. Revilla, Cambe, Napoles, De
Asis, and Lim for Plunder, considering that: (a) Sen. Revilla was a
public officer at the time material to the charges; ( b) with the
help of his co-accused, who are public officers and private
individuals, Sen. Revilla amassed, accumulated, or acquired HI-gotten
wealth through their intricate modus operandi as described above; and
( c) such ill-gotten wealth amounted to at least P224,512,500.00, way
more than the threshold amount of P50,000,000.00 required in the
crime of Plunder..
Cambe seeks to annul and
set aside the Ombudsman's March 14, 2014 Joint Order which denied his
motion to suspend proceedings, arguing that the COA's issuance of an
Order of Execution is a condition precedent to the filing of the
criminal complaints against him.
Sen. Revilla seeks to
annul the March 28, 2014 Joint Resolution and the June 4, 2014 Joint
Order of the Ombudsman finding probable cause against him for the
crimes charged. Among others, Sen. Revilla faults the Ombudsman for
allegedly disregarding his defense of forgery, and further contends
that in the absence of other competent testimony, the Ombudsman
cannot consider the whistle blowers' testimonies who purportedly were
his co-conspirators in the PDAF scam, pursuant to the res inter alias
acta rule.
Napoles similarly seeks
to nullify the Ombudsman's March 28, 2014 Joint Resolution and June
4, 2014 Joint Order finding probable cause against her for Plunder
and for violation of Section 3 (e) of RA 3019. Essentially, she
argues that the complaints did not establish the specific acts of the
crimes she supposedly committed. She likewise contends that since she
is not a public officer, she cannot be subjected to prosecution by
the Ombudsman before the Sandiganbayan. Napoles's
Issues:
- Whether the COA's issuance of an Order of Execution is a condition precedent to the filing of the criminal complaints.
- Whether the Ombudsman's finding of probable cause against all petitioners are correct.
Rulings
1. No. The Court
disagrees. The administrative aspect of the cases against Cambe and
Sen. Revilla in relation to the COA's audit is clearly separate and
distinct from the criminal aspect covering the charges of Plunder
and/or of violation of Section 3 (e) of RA 3019 against them. Hence,
the incidents related to it should have no effect on the filing of
the latter.
2. Yes, there is
probable cause against the petitioners should therefore stand trial
for the crimes they were charged.
Probable Cause against
Revilla.
The finding of probable
cause against Sen. Revilla is amply supported by the evidence on
record. At the forefront are the PDAF documents, consisting of the
written endorsements signed by Sen. Revilla himself requesting the
IAs to release his PDAF funds to the JLN-controlled NGOs, as well as
other documents that made possible the processing of his PDAF, e.g.,
the MOAs executed by the legislator's office, the IA, and the chosen
NGO. All these documents -even those not actually signed by Sen.
Revilla -directly implicate him for the crimes charged, as they were
nonetheless, all issued under the authority of his Office as Senator
of the Republic of the Philippines. In Belgica v. Ochoa (Belgica),
this Court observed that "the defining feature of all forms of
Congressional Pork Barrel would be the authority of legislators to
participate in the post-enactment phases of project implementation.
At its core, legislators -may it be through project lists, prior
consultations or program menus -have been consistently accorded
post-enactment authority to identify the projects they desire to be
funded through various Congressional Pork Barrel allocations."
It is through this mechanism that individual legislators, such as
Sen. Revilla, were able to practically dictate the entire expenditure
of the PDAF allocated to their offices throughout the years.
Anent Sen. Revilla's
claim that his signatures in the documentary evidence presented were
forged, it must be emphasized that "the findings of the x x
x prosecutor [on the issue of forgery) should be ventilated in a
full-blown trial[.] [This] is highlighted by the reality that the
authenticity of a questioned signature cannot be determined solely
upon its general characteristics, or its similarities or
dissimilarities with the genuine signature. The duty to determine the
authenticity of a signature rests on the judge who must conduct an
independent examination of the signature itself in order to arrive at
a reasonable conclusion as to its authenticity. Accordingly, Sen.
Revilla's evidence of forgery, including the findings of his
purported handwriting experts, Rogelio G. Azores (Azores) and
Forensic Document Examiner Atty. Desiderio A. Pagui, (Pagui) cannot
be readily credited at this stage of the proceedings.
It is significant to
emphasize that the Ombudsman had thoroughly passed upon the veracity
of Sen. Revilla's signatures on the PDAF documents. As explicitly
stated in the March 28, 2014 Joint Resolution: "[a]t all
evei;its, the Special Panel members, after a prima facie comparison
with their naked eyes of the questioned signatures appearing in the
PDAF documents and the original signatures of [Sen.] Revilla and
Cambe in their respective counter-affidavits, opine that both sets of
signatures, which bear the same style and flourish, were written by
one and the same hands. Findings of fact by the Office of the
Ombudsman are conclusive when supported by substantial evidence, as
in this case.
The testimonies of the
whistleblowers -which the prosecution submitted before the Ombudsman
-are, in fact, the most integral evidence against Sen. Revilla, since
they provide a detailed account on the inner workings of the PDAF
scam to which Sen. Revilla was directly involved. It should be
pointed out that, of all the Senators, only the Offices ' of Sen.
Revilla, Sen. Juan Ponce Enrile (Sen. Enrile ), and Sen. Jinggoy:
Estrada (Sen. Estrada) were explicitly implicated to have dealt with
in the plunder of their PDAF. Also, it is apparent that
whistleblowers Suñas, Sula, and Luy had personal knowledge of the
conspiracy since they were employees of JLN Corporation -the
epicenter of the entire PDAF operation -and in their respective
capacities, were individually tasked by to prepare the pertinent
documents, liquidate the financial transactions, follow up the
release of the NCAs with the DBM, and/or facilitate the withdrawal of
PDAF funds deposited in the NGOs' accounts.
In any event, even if it
is assumed that the rule on res inter alias acta were to apply during
preliminary investigation, the treatment of the whistleblowers'
statements as hearsay is bound by the exception on independently
relevant statements. "Under the doctrine of independently
relevant statements, regardless of their truth or falsity, the fact
that such statements have been made is relevant. The hearsay rule
does not apply, and the statements are admissible as evidence.
Evidence as to the making of such statement is not secondary but
primary, for the statement itself may constitute a fact in issue or
be circumstantially relevant as to the existence of such a fact.
Undoubtedly, the testimonies of the whistleblowers are independently
relevant to prove the involvement of Sen. Revilla and his co-accused
in the present controversy, considering their respective
participations in the entire PDAF scam.
Probable Cause against
Cambe.
The same conclusion
obtains with respect to the petition of Cambe in G.R. Nos. 212794-95
assailing the Ombudsman's finding of probable cause against him. is
no dispute that Ca:mbe was Sen. Revilla's trusted aide, being his
Chief of Staff. By such authority, he also exercised operational
control over the affairs of Sen. Revilla's office, including the
allocation of his PDAF. In fact, Cambe' s signatures explicitly
appear on several PDAF documents, such as the MOAs allowing the IAs
to transfer Sen. Revilla's PDAF funds allocated for certain projects
to various JLN-controlled NGOs. Cambe was personally identified by
the whistleblowers to have received PDAF money for himself and for
Sen. Revilla.
In simple terms, Cambe
allegedly acted as a liaison between Sen. Revilla and Napoles. For
the same reasons above-discussed, there should be 'no valid objection
against the appreciation of the PDAF documents and whistle blowers'
testimonies as evidence to establish probable cause against Cambe at
this stage of the proceedings. He also has no right to be furnished
copies of the counter-affidavits .of his co-respondents.
Probable Cause against
Napoles.
Records clearly show
that Napoles, in all reasonable likelihood, played an integral role
in the illegal utilization, diversion, and disbursement of Sen.
Revilla's PDAF. In fact, she was tagged as the mastermind of the PDAF
scam.
Based on the evidence in
support thereof such as the PDAF documents, whistleblowers'
testimonies, the accounts of the IA officials, and the COA report, as
well as the field verifications of the FIO, Ombudsman, this Court is
convinced that there lies probable cause against Janet Napoles for
the charge of Plunder as it has been prima facie established that
she, in conspiracy with Sen. Revilla, Cambe, and other personalities,
was significantly involved in the afore-described modus operandi to
obtain Sen. Revilla's PDAF amounting to at least P50,000,000.00 in
"kickbacks." In the same manner, there is probable cause
against Napoles for violations of Section 3 (e) of RA 3019, as it is
ostensible that their conspiracy to,illegally divert PDAF Funds to
"ghost" projects caused undue prejudice to the government.
That a private individual, such as Napoles, could not be charged for
Plunder and violations of Section 3 ( e) of RA 3019 because the
offenders in those crimes are public officers is a complete
misconception. It has been long-settled that while the primary
offender in the aforesaid crimes are public officers, private
individuals may also be held liable for the same if they are found to
have conspired with said officers in committing the same. This
proceeds from the fundamental principle that in cases of conspiracy
the act of one is the act of all. In this case, since it appears that
Napoles has acted in concert with public officers in the pillaging of
Sen. Revilla's PDAF, the Ombudsman correctly indicted her as a
co-conspirator for the aforementioned crimes.
WHEREFORE, the
petitions are DISMISSED for lack of merit. The findings of
probable cause against all petitioners are hereby AFFIRMED and
the Sandiganbayan, as trial court, is DIRECTED to
commence/continue with the necessary proceedings in these cases with
deliberate dispatch.
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